Sample Recommendation Letter - Undergrad Student

Undergraduate students are often asked to supply a recommendation letter when applying to a business program. Many students automatically think of academic recommendations when they come across this part of the application, but there are other types of recommendation letters that can make an impact on business school admissions committees. Sometimes the best letters offer insight into the students personality. Sample College Recommendation for an Undergraduate Applicant To Whom It May Concern: Carrie Youstis is an exceptional young lady. Most everyone knows of her intellectual acumen, lofty ambitions, dancing abilities, and kindness; indeed, she is a sort of legend in her small hometown of Southwest Plainsfield, NJ, but few know of the struggle Carrie endured during her middle years of high school. Carrie had a close friend, Kaya, whom she had met at summer camp. She and Kaya had grown very close during the first two years of high school.During the middle of tenth grade, Carrie received news that Kaya was suffering from a rare degenerative disease. It was terminal, Carrie was told but did not cry. She did not even take a moment to worry about how this might affect her. She simply called me, her principal, and asked if she could miss a few days of school, explaining to me the grave situation. I told her that, of course, she may miss school, provided that she make up her work.Then, before she hung up, Carrie asked me to pray on her friends behalf, and said, â€Å" I can go on without Kaya -- ­ I have many friends and I will mourn but I have a wonderful life. Kaya is suffering so much, though, and when it’ s all over, that will be it for her. And she is her mother’ s only child. How will she go on?† I was so impressed that Carrie was thinking about everyone affected except herself: Kaya, Kaya’ s mother, but not CarrieYoustis. Such maturity. Carrie knew she had a wonderful life, a belief in God, but she felt for others so profoundly.Carrie visited Kaya often for several months, always bringing her cards and flowers and of course, good cheer. Kaya finally passed away that Spring, and Carrie made sure to visit the mother every week that following summer.You will read of Carries grades and scores and sports abilities, of her awards and accolades; I wanted to relate this episode, as it characterizes what this remarkable young lady is really all about. As she graduates high school, I and all of SouthwestPlainsfield are so sad to see her go, but realize that she is destined to effect great things far beyond the narrow confines of a small town in New Jersey.Sincerely,Esti IturraldePrincipal, North SouthwestPlainsfield High School

J.Co Donuts Coffee. - 3208 Words

BAB I LATAR BELAKANG Pada bagian Latar Belakang ini akan dijelaskan mengenai sejarah terbentuknya perusahaan dan profil dari perusahaan, serta produk-produk yang dihasilkan oleh perusahaan. 1.1 Sejarah dan Profil Perusahaan PT. J.CO Donuts and Coffee didirikan oleh Johnny Andrean yang sebelumnya terkenal sebagai pengusaha salon yang sukses. Tak kurang dari 168 jaringan salon dan 41 sekolah salon dimilikinya, namun insting sang penata rambut kemudian membawanya terjun ke bisnis makanan. Sejak tahun 2003 ia aktif mengembangkan J.CO. J.CO adalah produk dalam negeri dengan menggunakan konsep dari luar negeri dan disempurnakan dengan modernisasi dan kualitas terbaik. J.CO ditujukan untuk menyerbu pasar asing. Persiapan J.CO membutuhkan†¦show more content†¦3.1 Kompetitor Krispy Kreme Doughnuts dan Dunkin Donuts, kedua nama ini pasti sudah tidak asing lagi bagi pecinta donat dimanapun. Keduanya merupakan waralaba asal Amerika yang telah mempunyai banyak outlet yang tersebar di seluruh dunia. Keduanya mempunyai pangsa pasar sendiri-sendiri dan mempunyai keunikan produk yang berlainan. 3.1.1 Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Krispy Kreme Doughnut (KK) diciptakan pada tahun 1937 oleh Vernon Rudolph di Nashville dan berkembang menjadi 181 outlet di seluruh dunia pada tahun 2001. Pada awalnya KK dibangun untuk memenuhi kebutuhan akan donut secara wholesale yang kemudian pada tahun 1974 diubah menjadi specialty retail. Waralaba dipakai sebagai cara untuk mengembangkan KK menjadi lebih besar di beberapa negara bagian di Amerika dan negara-negara lain di dunia. Para pembeli waralaba ini di haruskan memiliki pengalaman di bidang multi-unit food operations dan juga harus mengerti bagaimana pasar di lokal area mereka. KK di Indonesia dibuka di Pondok Indah Mall II pada Kamis, 24 Agustus 2006. Pada Grand Opening nya para pembeli real mengantri berjam-jam, bahkan ada yang mengantri dari tengah malam. Daniel Leo, yang mengantri sejak malam sebelumnya pukul 22.15 WIB menjadi pembeli pertama dan diganjar hadiah 52 lusin donat gratis selama setahun. Saat dibuka, antrean mencapai lebih dari 200 orang dan sebanyak itu juga kausShow MoreRelatedJ.Co Donuts Coffee5440 Words   |  22 PagesThere are No Limits to Growth by Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. Introduction by Helga Zepp-LaRouche Founder of the Club of Life Dear Reader, The Club of Life was founded on Oct. 22, 1982 in Rome, Wiesbaden, and many other cities around the world, and today, a year later, is already an anti-Malthusian mass movement in which many leading politicians, scientists, trade unionists, industry representatives, teachers, jurists, and others collaborate on four continents and in over 30 countries. The idea ofRead MoreMarketing Strategy Jco1450 Words   |  6 PagesAwards In its first year of operation, J.CO Donuts amp; Coffee was awarded â€Å"Marketing Award† as the brand with the best product innovation. Following this award, J.CO won â€Å"Best Donut 2006† by FREE Magazine at the end of 2006. In early 2008, J.CO Donuts amp; Coffee received the award â€Å"The Integrated Marketing Strategy Champion 2008† by SWA business magazine and Mark Plus amp; Co. J.CO Donuts amp; Coffee became the â€Å"buzz† of the town and grabbed a lot of attention from the Indonesian mediaRead MoreMarketing Strategy Jco1464 Words   |  6 PagesAwards In its first year of operation, J.CO Donuts amp; Coffee was awarded â€Å"Marketing Award† as the brand with the best product innovation. Following this award, J.CO won â€Å"Best Donut 2006† by FREE Magazine at the end of 2006. In early 2008, J.CO Donuts amp; Coffee received the award â€Å"The Integrated Marketing Strategy Champion 2008† by SWA business magazine and Mark Plus amp; Co. J.CO Donuts amp; Coffee became the â€Å"buzz† of the town and grabbed a lot of attention from the Indonesian media.Read MoreDonut History2531 Words   |  11 Pagespopularly known as donut is not a pervasive culinary  culture here in Malaysia, although thousands of donuts at roadside stalls and the school canteens have been selling this as long as we can remember. Then came the Dunkin Donuts (from United States) who revolutionized the way we look at donuts, and earlier 2007 which is May 2nd, Big Apple (from Malaysia) , opened their first outlet at The Curve, Damansara. Later on, J.CO Donuts Coffee has decided to break into the Malaysian donuts market on SeptemberRead MoreKrispy Kream Background1407 Words   |  6 Pagesbased in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States. The founder of the company, Vernon Carver Rudolph began his career with a small retailer business. He started his business by renting spaces for only manufacturing purposes and then sends the donuts to groceries to be sold. He then bought the doughnut shop in Paducah, Kentucky, from a French chef from New Orleans. Vernon received the company’s assets, good will, and the rights to a secret yeast-raised doughnut recipe upon purchasing the companyRead MoreFeasibility Study Coffee Club11732 Words   |  47 PagesGroup exercise worksheets 30 11. 2 Others 43 12.0 References 44 1.0 Executive Summary The focal point of this report is to examine and evaluate the possibility of expanding the Coffee Club business into a new country, specifically focusing on Malaysia. This is done by conducting a feasibility study on The Coffee Club that assesses the advantages and/or drawbacks of entering into Malaysia. This report is organized as follows. The next section provides a brief background description of the

Community Health Project Free Essays

Community Health Project- Part One – Identifying the Project’s Focus Kathleen Rogers King Walden University November 26, 2012 Community Health Project-Part One -Identifying the Project’s Focus This paper will identify a significant health issue and a particular population for a health management plan. Support for the significance of this health issue, and rationale for the selection of this population will be presented. Evidence about the population will be examined and discussed in regards to one asset and one challenge of this particular population. We will write a custom essay sample on Community Health Project or any similar topic only for you Order Now An approach to address the issue and the rationale for this choice will be provided with a minimum of five appropriate references. Health Issue and Population Defined as birth prior to 37 weeks gestation (ACOG, 2008), preterm birth affects about 12% of births in the United States. Preterm birth is an important public health priority costing over $26. 2 billion in 2005 according to the March of Dimes (2011) report on preterm birth. Prematurity is the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years, and the single most important cause of death in the first month of life (March of Dimes, 2011). More than 15 million babies are born too soon, with 1 in 8 babies born premature every year worldwide; of these, over 1. 1 million preterm babies die due to complications of prematurity (CDC, 2012). The cost of the first year of birth for a preterm infant is 10 times greater than for term infants (Howson, Kinney Lawn, 2012). Support and Rationale Women and infants are a vulnerable population. Maternal mortality and morbidity disproportionally affect vulnerable populations of women, such as those living in poverty, facing racial and ethnic discrimination, and having limited language skills (Anderson Stone, 2013). From a public health perspective infant mortality is considered the measuring stick for determining the health of the population, whereas maternal mortality is the divider between wealth and poverty (Anderson, 2013). Eliminating racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities is critical for quality health care outcomes (Shi Stevens, 2010). Preterm births occur more often among certain racial and ethnic groups with non-Hispanic black mothers being 1. 5 times more likely to have a preterm baby, and that baby 3. times more likely to die than a non-Hispanic white baby (CDC, 2012). Sadly, although 90% of preterm babies in high-income countries will survive, 90% of preterm babies born in low-income countries will die (Presem McDougall, 2012). The implications of being born too soon extend beyond the neonatal period and throughout the life cycle, resulting in serious consequences such as cerebral palsy, and chronic lung disease, as well as, intellectual impairment, learning difficulties, p oor health, vision and hearing loss (Institute of Medicine, 2007). In general, the more immature the preterm infant, more life-support is needed, the risks of re-hospitalization are greater, and the burden of lifetime problems more significant (IOM, 2007). Assets and Challenges Preventing preterm birth remains a challenge (CDC, 2012). There is no test that can accurately predict a preterm birth, very little is known about the causes and mechanisms of preterm birth, or about how to prevent a preterm birth, and few effective preventative strategies are available (March of Dimes, 2012; WHO, 2009; IOM, 2007). Once a woman is pregnant, most of the interventions to prevent preterm birth only delay onset long enough to administer steroids to the mother to help prevent respiratory distress in the infant after birth and transfer the mother and fetus to a hospital for the appropriate level of care (IOM, 2007). Studies indicate that many of the factors associated the preterm birth frequently occur together, particularly in minority women, or those who have low socioeconomic status (IOM, 2007). Medical conditions such as chronic hypertension, diabetes, infections, and stress are associated with preterm birth, as are any history of a preterm birth in a previous pregnancy, a family history of preterm birth, infertility, and a pregnancy of twins or triplets (IOM, 2007). Any significant gains to be made in the study of preterm birth will be in the area of prevention and eliminating disparities (IOM, 2007). Feasible, sustainable, cost-effective care solutions can be made available by collaboration, cooperation and alignment of services (WHO, 2012). Clinical research continues to identify ways to prevent preterm deliveries. For example, a progesterone medication (17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate or 17P) may prevent preterm birth among women who have had a prior preterm birth (CDC, 2012). Approaches and Interventions Addressing preterm birth is now an urgent priority for reaching the WHO, Millennium Development Goal 4 (WHO, 2012). Reducing child deaths by two-thirds by 2015 requires a rapid expansion of our global commitments to implement change (WHO, 2012). Collaborative and partnership management models have evolved for addressing action and prevention programs such as, the World Health Organization’s Every Woman, Every Child, Global Strategy for Women and Children’s Health, March of Dimes, Save the Children, Born too Soon, The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn Child Health (PMNCH), and the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s 4 5) which aim to save the lives of 16 million women and children by 2015 (Howson et al, 2012; WHO, 2009). Nationally, the framework is complete; since 1980, the CDC’s Healthy People series has been based on core public concepts: population surveillance, population health, prevention and early intervention, identification of root causes, outcome assessment, and continuous feedback so that interventions can be adjusted appropriately (Manderscheid, 2009). To achieve the Healthy People objectives, it is essential to monitor improvement regularly to ensure the resources are directed appropriately and effectively (Shi Stevens, 2010). A set of ten measurable leading health indicators (LHIs) was developed, which also reflect the risks of preterm birth; these are physical activity, obesity, tobacco use, substance abuse, sexual behavior, mental health, injury and violence, environmental quality, immunization, and access to health care (Shi, 2010). Implementation and Rationale Implementing priority, evidence-based interventions for prevention include reducing unplanned adolescence pregnancies, short time gaps between births, unhealthy pre-pregnancy weight (underweight or obesity), substance abuse (e. g. tobacco use) and chronic disease (e. . diabetes, hypertension). Screening for infectious sexually transmitted disease (e. g. HIV, syphilis), and implementing early treatment can also help reduce the incidence of preterm labor (WHO, 2012). Internationally, all countries need to ensure universal access to comprehensive antenatal care, quality childbirth services and emergency obstetric care (WHO, 2012). In addition, work place policies need to promote healthy pregnancies and reduce the risk of preterm birth including regulations to protect pregnant women from physically demanding work, and exposure to harmful pollutants (WHO, 2012). Greater provision for life-saving medications, supplies and services, as well as the resources and policies are needed to enable women and children adequate access to health care, especially skilled care at the time of birth (WHO, 2009). Empowering, and educating girls, providing health promotion, access to care for cost-effective interventions in contraception, and encouraging preconception family planning can increase the likelihood of healthy planned pregnancies, and improve preterm birth prevention according to the WHO, Born Too Soon: Global Action Report on Preterm Birth (Presem McDougall, 2012). In addition, Kangaroo Mother Care (skin to skin incubation with mother) can cut preterm deaths in half saving an estimated 450,000 babies a year (Presem McDougall, 2012). The provision of inexpensive antenatal corticosteroids and antibiotics is estimated to reduce the risk of breathing difficulties in premature babies, saving around 370,000 lives a year (WHO, 2012). Fontenot and Collins Fantasia (2012) concluded that 100mg of progesterone vaginally every night between 24 and 34 weeks gestation resulted in lower incidence of preterm labor, birth, and delivery. Approach and Action A recent article in The Lancet (2012), claims from a panel of experts, that five proven interventions could begin lowering preterm birth rates of 5 percent across 39 high-resource countries, including the United States, by 2015, and would prevent prematurity for 58,000 babies a year and $3 billion in health and economic costs (March of Dimes, 2012): * Eliminating early cesarean section deliveries and inductions of labor unless medically indicated; * Decreasing embryo transfers during assisted reproductive technologies; * Helping women quit smoking; Providing progesterone supplementation to women with high risk pregnancies; * Cervical cerclage for high-risk women with short cervix. The majority of preterm births occur spontaneously with no known cause, recent studies show that a short cervix is the single best predictor of preterm birth. Slager and Lynne (2012) propose screening for shortened cervical length, a universal risk factor, in conjunction with a proven cl inical intervention by transvaginal ultrasound. Although not available in all areas, transvaginal ultrasound is the most reliable method to evaluate cervical length, it is found to be most effective for risk estimates under 30 weeks gestation, and predictive results were improved by combining with obstetric history (Slager, J. Lynne, S. , 2012). The combination of positive fetal fibronectin (fFN) testing and cervical length less than 25 mm is a strong predictor of impending preterm birth (Tharpe, Farley, Jordan, 2013). As a MSN educator, my goal will be to educate nursing, midwifery, and medical students in the principles and methods of assessment, prevention and early intervention of preterm birth indicators. On the Perinatal Special Care Unit of my employment, a new system of prenatal education will be proposed to administration detailing the benefits of group prenatal care in reducing low birth weight in premature babies (Massey, Schindler Rising, Ickovics, 2006). Centering Pregnancy Prenatal Care Model Centering Pregnancy group prenatal care is an innovative model of care for addressing the complex psychosocial needs of the mother and her family. Centering Pregnancy prenatal care promotes relationship-centered care, facilitates learning, develops mutual support, and strengthens the opportunities for communication and nurturing among women. Centering Pregnancy prenatal care encourages social networking, supportive relationships with their significant other are developed, women experience less stress, fewer pregnancy complications, and fewer adverse neonatal outcomes (Massey et al, 2006). Research indicates that prenatal social support has been associated with improved fetal growth and greater infant birth weight. Good social support can improve birth outcomes; measured in longer gestations and significantly larger babies, increase women’s confidence, satisfaction, and increase self-nurturing (Massey, 2006). Centering Pregnancy is a model for group prenatal care that results in perinatal outcomes that equal or exceed prenatal traditional care, especially for teens, and other cultures accustomed to group support (Anderson, 2013). Centering Pregnancy exemplifies an evidence-based best practice for nurse-midwives. This model places all three components of prenatal care- risk assessment, education, and support- into the group setting. It fosters a sense of empowerment as prenatal group members are encouraged to take responsibility for their own health care and group members are encouraged to seek information about healthy behaviors and common concerns of pregnancy, which builds a partnership between patient and provider (Massey, 2006). Translating this model of providing prenatal care for our hospitalized high-risk antepartum patients is the approach I intend to take because the evidence for improved outcomes with group care for high-risk women seems compelling, and may even be a future model of care for other countries, and women of diverse cultures (Tandon, Colon, Vega, Murphy, Alonso, 2012). References American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). (2008). Use of progesterone to prevent preterm birth. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 112, 963-965. American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. (6th. ed. ). Washington, DC. Anderson, B. , Stone, S. (2013). Best practices in midwifery, using the evidence to implement change. Springer Publishing. New York, NY. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2012). Preterm Birth. Retrieved from http://www. cdc. gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/PretermBirth. htm Fontenot, H. B. , Collins Fantasia, H. (2012). Vaginal progesterone to prevent preterm birth in high-risk women. Nursing for Women’s Health. Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses. 37-241. ISSN: 1751-4851 Howsen, C. , Kinney, M. , Lawn, J. (2012). The global action report on preterm birth. Preterm birth matters. March of Dimes. 9-14 Lynch, E. , Dezen, T. (2012). Preterm birth can be prevented with a few proven treatments, Lancet article says: Global partners challenge 39 high-income countries. March of Dimes. http://www. marchofdimes. com/news/10898. html Marc h of Dimes. (2011). March of Dimes 2011 premature birth report card. Retrieved from http://www. marchofdimes. com/peristats/pdflib/998/US. pdf Massey, Z. Schindler Rising, S. , Ickovics, J. (2006). Centering pregnancy group prenatal care: Promoting relationship-centered care. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, Neonatal Nursing, 35, 286-294. doi:10. 1111/J. 1552-6909. 2006. 00040. x Manderscheid, R. (2009). Aiming for a healthier population by 2020: Moving our fields toward prevention, early intervention, and population health. Behavioral Healthcare; 29, 1; Proquest Central. pg. 51 Presem, C. , McDougall, L. (2012). Born too soon: The global action report on preterm birth. World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved from http://www. who. int/pmnch/media/news/2012/preterm_birth_report/en/index9. tml Shi, L. , Stevens, G. (2010). Vulnerable populations in the United States (2nd. ed. ). Jossey-Bass. San Francisco, CA. Slager, J. , Lynne, S. (2012). Assessment of cervical length and the relationship between short cervix and preterm birth. Journal of Midwifery Women’s Health, 57(1): S4-S11. doi:10. 1111/j. 1542-2011. 2012. 00209. x Tandon, S. D. , Colon, L. , Vega, P. , Mur phy, J. , Alonso, A. (2012). Birth outcomes associated with receipt of group prenatal care among low-income Hispanic women. Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health. 57(5). 476-481. doi: 10. 111/j. 542-2011. 2012. 00184. x Tharpe, N. , Farley, C. , Jordan, R. (2013). Clinical practice guidelines for midwifery women’s health. (4th ed. ). Jones Bartlett Learning. Burlington, MA. 198-201. World Health Organization (WHO). (2009). The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: A systematic review of maternal morbidity and mortality. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 88, 31-38. doi: 10. 2471/BLT. 08. 06255 World Health Organization (WHO). (2012). Born too soon: The global action report on preterm birth. http://www. who. int/pmnch/media/news/2012/preterm_birth_report/en/index. html How to cite Community Health Project, Essay examples

International Conference on Corporate Social Responsibility

Question: Describe about the International Conference on Corporate Social Responsibility? Answer: Introduction: For a profit earning organization the ultimate object is to earn profit in the business to enhance the capital of the organization. For that purpose the main motive of the organization is to get success in the business. But for those organization which are already very successful and earning the profits to the anticipated level, the ultimate object to get success in the field of sustainability. Apart from that every organization of the corporate world has some responsibility towards the society; these responsibilities are mainly emphasized upon the large organizations of the corporate sector. Performing these social responsibilities is not merely an act of the organization but it is an important task that is to be done by the organizations by themselves. By way of performing these social responsibilities the companies not only ensure the welfare of the society but also make sure a step towards the sustainability of the company (Jones, 2012). Sometime it is noticed that the companies of a corporate sector jointly performs their duties towards the social phenomena but though it is quite helpful for the social welfare but it does not ensure sustainability unless those companies comes under a same roof. For the purpose of achieving sustainability all the companies should be collaborated together to get higher level of endeavor and achievements. A company in respect of the corporate social responsibilities incurred a good amount of money from the profit of the company, it may be very good from the social point of view but from the point of view of the business the organization should look after what the company is getting in against such expenses incurred by the company. Here the main object of the company is to achieve sustainability in relation to the business of the company. Only by way of sustainability the organization may get the long term goals of the company. Sustainability is not a matter of shorter period but it dea ls with the longer terms of the organization (Hunnicutt, 2009). It denotes various facts relating to the cost effectiveness in relation to performing the social responsibilities by a corporate entity. In relation to performing any of the corporate social responsibilities there is a huge cost is involved, as at the time of making any contribution the company has to do it in a large prospect. It includes the complete social phenomena within a particular territory or among a particular class of the society (9th International Conference on Corporate Social Responsibility, 2009). In this regard the management authority of the concern company has to make a proper plan in respect of the cost of the corporate social responsibilities, this plan have to be very specific depending upon the circumstances and other various relevant factors like type of the welfare undertaken by the company, government policies, current position of the organization, principals of the concern company and many other factors that are also related with this concerning subject matter. Cost of performing the CSR is very relevant with the in the organizational affairs of the company, it relates with the financial stru cture as well as the budget of the company, but there is very less scope from the part of the company to show these expenses in the balance sheet of the company where the actual financial scenario of the organization reflects, but these expenses must be recorded within the books of accounts of the company. In terms of executing prearranged plans of the company in relation to CSR, the organizational structure of the company have concentrate upon the long term goals of the company and it also taken into consideration that the amount they are going to incur in the performance of the corporate social responsibilities are enough to accomplish the goals of the company in long term motions or not, if it is enough then the organization have to look after the implementation of these plans. The benefits a company may get by performing social responsibilities as to its expenses incurred by the concern company (Mallin, 2009). For a corporate organization it is not immense to bear the expenses of any particular work and do not desire to get back anything in return. The corporate entities by performing their corporate social responsibilities has to bear a good amount of expenses and the organization of any profit earning company does not permit it to do so without anything getting back in return. Hence, in performing the social responsibilities it is very essential for the organization of the concern company that what kind of benefits the concern company is getting back in return of such expenses, mainly all the profit earning companies desire some sought of benefits against the performance of their social responsibilities. Cost effectiveness in the performance of social responsibility plays a major role in the organization as well as the social phenomena (O'Faircheallaigh and Ali, 2008). The main and foremost benefit desired by the corporate company by performing their social responsibilities is sustainability. It is a long term prospects from the part of the company. When a profit earning company is going well and the ultimate object of the company that is earning maximum amount of profit is accomplishing in a good manner then the companys one of the main object becomes sustainability, by way of this the concern company would be able to keep the business going on and profits are to be coming in the same manner as it is coming now. Sustainability is a broader prospect it is very much essential in the fulfillment of the long term goals of the concern company. Sustainability makes the company enable to strengthen the roots of the business in the future aspects as well. The companies in respect performs their social responsibilities in various problematic fields of the nation like education, treatment of highly dangerous issues and many other problems of the society tha t depends from one country to another country. Benefits of the company is very essential in relation to the performance of social responsibilities especially the responsibilities includes financial aspects (Gray, Coates and Hetherington, 2013). There is a deep relation among the cost of the CSR and the benefits that the company is getting by performing such social responsibilities. From the business point of view every profit earning company desire something to get in return out of the incurred expenses. The basic relation among these two subject matters of a company is to adhere to some benefit with the organization of the company and to some extend to the society as well. It provides a great level of sustainability to the organizational structure of the company. Apart from the benefits of the company by performing social responsibilities the ethical prospect of the management is also gets furnished (Macdonald and Marshall, 2010). Society is the main source of income for the business entities, whether actively or passively society plays a very important role in the growth of a company, every organization of each and every company gets a lot of benefits as to their business from the society, so from the ethical point of vie w it is quite natural that the company should perform some of their duties towards the society. If the society gets benefited then the goodwill of the concern company shall also be increased. In this theory it is specified that the company is earning from the society so it is also necessary from the ethical point of view that the company should return some of the part out that the company has earned from the society. The relation of the factors like cost and benefits are very important in the field of corporal sector and for the concern company also in determining the principals of the company in relation to social responsibilities (Petrovic-Lazarevic and Lazarevic, 2009). A failure of performing CSR by a company may cost it a huge loss in the social phenomena, apart from that ethical dilemma shall also be there if the fails to perform it. Failure of performing corporate social responsibilities will damage the scope of the concern company as to the factors relating to sustainability. For the purpose of achieving sustainability every profit earning organization must perform adequate social responsibilities. The failure of performing CSR imposes a negative impact upon the organizational structure of the company; it also hampers the goodwill and reputation of the company in social phenomena (Murray and Dainty, 2013). Conclusion: After the above discussion it can be summarized that for a profit earning company earning maximum profit should not be the ultimate object as every organization has some responsibilities towards the society, from the society every organization get benefitted, so from the ethical point of view it is required from the part of the companies that they should perform their social responsibilities to a good extend and from the point of view of a businessman it can be gathered that by performing the social responsibilities of a company not only ensure the welfare of the society at a large but it also helps to the company for attaining sustainability. Performance of corporate social responsibilities makes sure for a corporate entity that the company will be able to get long term benefits and the future goals shall also be adhere to in this regard (Petrovic-Lazarevic and Rose, 2006). References: 9th International Conference on Corporate Social Responsibility. (2009).Social Responsibility Journal, 5(4). Gray, M., Coates, J. and Hetherington, T. (2013).Environmental social work. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Hunnicutt, S. (2009).Corporate social responsibility. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press. Jones, S. (2012).Contemporary Issues in Sustainability Accounting, Assurance and Reporting. Bradford: Emerald Group Pub. Macdonald, K. and Marshall, S. (2010).Fair trade, corporate accountability and beyond. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate. Mallin, C. (2009).Corporate social responsibility. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Murray, M. and Dainty, A. (2013).Corporate Social Responsibility in the Construction Industry. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. O'Faircheallaigh, C. and Ali, S. (2008).Earth matters. Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf. Petrovic-Lazarevic, S. and Lazarevic, V. (2009).Corporate social responsibility in the Australian building and construction industry. [Clayton, Vic.]: Monash University, Business and Economics. Petrovic-Lazarevic, S. and Rose, L. (2006).Does corporate social responsibility in preserving a healthy environment improve the competitiveness of the Australian construction industry?. Caulfield East, Vic.: Dept. of Management, Monash University.

Thousand Pieces of Gold Essay Example

Thousand Pieces of Gold Paper First she lived in China with her family. Her family is poor so she fears that she is going to lose her home. When she gets sold she loses her home and her family. She wants to escape from the bandits and run back home, but she escape. Then she get? bought and sent to the united States. She still thinks her home Is back In China and she plans to gather gold and use It to buy her way back there. She meets Jim, who to free her, but he dies and that ends her hope of going back to China. The person who buys her was Hong King, and Poly lives in the back mom of his saloon. After Charlie frees Poly, they live together and she realize her home is in the United States. They marry and move to Salmon Canyon to farm. Lulu lost her home, but eventually finds one with Charlie where she can be free. Lulu loses her first home in China tragically. Lulu gets caught by the bandit leader when she runs out of her hiding place to get a basket of potatoes. The bandit leader is Chin, her old laborer. Father tries to be brave and stand up for Lulu, but Chin threatens to kill his whole family because he knows all the holding places. There begs to make him let her go, but Chin offers to pay for her. Lulu tries to persuade him to let her go, but he refuse. Then Chin calls Ouzo to bring some seeds and throw them in front of father. ? stared at her father, willing him not to pick them up. He reached out, hesitated, then looked up at Lulu, his eyes pleading for understanding. She twisted her face away, a sob strangling in her throat. Behind her, she heard him snatch the bag an d scoop up the spilled 50) Her father has to decide between his daughter and the survival of the rest of the family. It shows how she is leaving her mom. We will write a custom essay sample on Thousand Pieces of Gold specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Thousand Pieces of Gold specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Thousand Pieces of Gold specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Lulu is happy with her family, but her father sells her and she loses it. She is thrown out of the house Like not family. She loses her home for two bags of seeds. She come back to the family If she really wanted too. Now that she Is sold she go back to her family, because she doses? belong to them anymore. Poly know where she belongs. Poly and Charlie are walking to the top of the hill, and when they get there and look down Poly sees that to the left is the white part of Warrens where she lives with Charlie. There they are celebrating the Fourth of July with loud music and fireworks. To the right is Chinatown where they any celebrating and are acting like it is a regular day. Remember one time a man bring a performing monkey to my village. The man divide the audience in two and give each side one end of a rope to hold. Then the monkey walk carefully back and forth between the two sides. At each end, he stop a little bit, but he cannot stay, and so he walk again until he so tired, he 178-179) Poly Is going back and forth between the Chinese and the whites. Poly lives with Charlie In the white part of Warrens, but she Is Chinese and works In Chinatown. She is stuck in the middle. She know where she belongs or where to call none. Poly has to save her own home with Charlie. Poly leads Charlie out the house because she has a surprise. They talk about the canyon and how the river is frozen. They talk about taking trips to the Hump. Then Poly says that the Hump the only place people take trips. Charlie says yes it is. Poly says that Charlie is going to Warrens to file the mining claim. She dragged away broken pine branches laden with clumps of new snow, revealing a ditch exactly four feet square and ten feet 235) She digs a ditch even though it was frozen solid. Chinese own land which means that Poly still free and still needs to be taken care of. With the mining claim Poly can own her own land, her own house and be free. She can protect her land from miners if they try to take their land. Lulu life is about making her own freedom. Lulu loses her family and her home in China. In Warrens Poly know were she belongs. Finally she realizes her home is with Charlie in Salmon Canyon. Poly is sold from her happy family and home and never allowed back. Poly is stuck between the whites and Chinese. She know were she belongs. She finds her home in Salmon Canyon with Charlie.

Free Essays on Free On Balance

Free on Balance What does one mean when he/she makes the statement, â€Å"John is more free than Richard†? Joel Feinberg suggests that making such a statement means grouping different kinds of freedoms together. A more complete statement is perhaps; â€Å"John is freer on balance than Richard.† Free on balance means that all one’s freedoms are, in a sense, summed up, and that a certain value may be given to all one’s freedoms as a collective group. The fact that this grouping may be inappropriate is demonstrated by the difficulty in comparing someone who is free to do x but not y with someone else who is free to do y but not x. To logically choose which person is freer (on balance) requires an assessment of freedom x and freedom y and a placing of value on both. For example, if a person is free to leave the house but not free to make criticism of anything he/she sees, saying he/she is less free than someone else who cannot leave the house but can make any criticisms he/she wishes simply means that the freedom to criticize is more valuable than the freedom of movement. This point is important philosophically because one problem with â€Å"free on balance† statements is that they are inherently formal, or ambiguous, and therefore cannot stand alone, but rather needs other values to assist in the â€Å"ranking† of freedoms. Feinberg points out that the values used to supplement a free on balance comparison  "†¦are not external to freedom in the manner of such independently conceived rival ideals as justice and welfare,† instead, they are an internal filling-in of the ambiguity of most â€Å"free on balance† ideas. A relevant philosophical application of such an idea might be looking at a noise pollution debate as a conflict of freedoms of a different nature. The freedoms in conflict are 1) the freedom of a person to listen to what he/she wants to listen to, at whatever volume grants maximum satisfaction for that individ... Free Essays on Free On Balance Free Essays on Free On Balance Free on Balance What does one mean when he/she makes the statement, â€Å"John is more free than Richard†? Joel Feinberg suggests that making such a statement means grouping different kinds of freedoms together. A more complete statement is perhaps; â€Å"John is freer on balance than Richard.† Free on balance means that all one’s freedoms are, in a sense, summed up, and that a certain value may be given to all one’s freedoms as a collective group. The fact that this grouping may be inappropriate is demonstrated by the difficulty in comparing someone who is free to do x but not y with someone else who is free to do y but not x. To logically choose which person is freer (on balance) requires an assessment of freedom x and freedom y and a placing of value on both. For example, if a person is free to leave the house but not free to make criticism of anything he/she sees, saying he/she is less free than someone else who cannot leave the house but can make any criticisms he/she wishes simply means that the freedom to criticize is more valuable than the freedom of movement. This point is important philosophically because one problem with â€Å"free on balance† statements is that they are inherently formal, or ambiguous, and therefore cannot stand alone, but rather needs other values to assist in the â€Å"ranking† of freedoms. Feinberg points out that the values used to supplement a free on balance comparison  "†¦are not external to freedom in the manner of such independently conceived rival ideals as justice and welfare,† instead, they are an internal filling-in of the ambiguity of most â€Å"free on balance† ideas. A relevant philosophical application of such an idea might be looking at a noise pollution debate as a conflict of freedoms of a different nature. The freedoms in conflict are 1) the freedom of a person to listen to what he/she wants to listen to, at whatever volume grants maximum satisfaction for that individ...

Personal Statement, My Personal Experiences Essay

Personal Statement, My Personal Experiences - Essay Example His ambition for his children has often placed me in challenging positions. The most challenging of these was when, following the completion of my secondary education, he decided to transfer me to SMUK-1 BPK Penabur, the most difficult and best high school in Indonesia. I did not want to transfer and quite honestly, did not feel that I was capable of succeeding in such a competitive and tough educational environment where students where, to a large degree, expected to rely on themselves for success or failure. The environment, being so very different from what I was accustomed to, frightened me and for much of my first high school year, I was miserable. It was, within the limits of my experience, a period of tremendous intellectual and psychological hardship. Besides being extremely competitive and difficult, I had no friends at SMUK-1 BPK Penabur. There was, therefore, no one to guide me through this period and, at the same time, my father demanded nothing less than excellence. All I could do, therefore, was accept the situation and apply myself as I had never in my life done. While I recall this as a miserable year, the fact is that I succeeded and achieved the grades demanded of me. More importantly, I discovered that nothing is really ever too difficult. (2) As Indone

History of Interpretation paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of Interpretation paper - Essay Example This is a pointer to the progressive mission which Jesus had. He was not on earth for an instance but to carry out a continuous mission. Knowing that the questioner may have tuned to out to be hypothetical as was seen in Luke 10: 29 where one asked about whom his neighbor was, Jesus gave his answer to the question by posing a personal challenge. He calls on the individuals in the crowd to act in a way which will show that they are saved. In verse 24, Luke gives the condition for getting to eternal life by stating that people will â€Å"struggle to enter† the kingdom. The term agonizomai implies that â€Å"the few† will have to cope with â€Å"the many† for entry through a limited space. The struggle will be compounded by the short duration of time that those seeking to enter will have. Luke goes ahead to talk about the â€Å"narrow door†. In this verse, it may appear as though Luke has lost contrast as he does not talk of the wide gate which is seen in Matthew 7:1. However, this may have been intentionally done to provide a quick answer to the audience about the process of getting into the kingdom. Burns furthers this line of thought by noting that interpretation of the verse requires considering of two issues (588). First, is the aspect of entering the place being talked of. From the text, it is plain that Luke is talking about entering the Kingdom of God. After stating that the audience should â€Å"strive to enter through the narrow door†, he goes ahead to allude to a master of a particular house who stands and shuts the door to bar others from entering. The alternative to entering the narrow gate which Luke is referring to is found in the book of Mathew where it is stated â€Å"Enter by the narrow gate. For the gate is wide and the way is easy that leads to destruction† (Matt. 7:13). Luke goes ahead to state that as the audience strive to enter the narrow gate, there are obstacles that they have to overcome so as

Evolution Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Evolution Questions - Assignment Example When meiosis occurs, genes are segregated at random and events such as crossing over can occur, which causes increased genetic variation. In larger populations, the allelic combinations typically stay stable over time. However, in smaller populations, any type of variation or production of one gene over another due to chance can have a large change in the gene pool frequencies. The most useful way to think about this concept is in terms of the Hardy Weinberg Equation, which is a quadratic formula that calculates the genetic frequencies of the homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, and heterozygous expressions. The Hardy Weinberg Equation uses the letters P and Q in order to addresses the alleles for a population with homozygous dominant being p2, homozygous recessive being q2, and heterozygous being pq. Normally, in a standard population and statistically valid population, the ratios would be the same. Like stated above there are multiple factors, which can then affect the ratio of these allelic frequencies. Some of the organisms may survive due to supremacy of the traits they expressed or the randomness of gamete formation may lead to an unproportional expression in traits. For example, lets consider a population which has allelic frequencies of p=0.3 and q=0.7. ... This is because a statistical change in allelic frequencies in a smaller population due to chance has a larger and more significant effect because the population, N, is smaller. Therefore, the effect size is larger. The reason that it is not as powerful in populations with a large N value is because it is thought that the chance of one allelic combination being produced over the other is negligible, therefore they cancel out which shows that there is no real resulting chance in the frequencies of the gene pool. DNA replication is a process, which is ongoing at every moment in every organism. It is important in order to ensure that the structure of the genetic code remains viable for reproduction, however the code becomes more disrupted every time that it is replicated. These mistakes are mutations, which occur in the replication of DNA can cause either desirable or undesirable traits to form. This is one of the basis in which evolution is thought to occur. Different types of mutation s have different effects on evolution. Replacement mutations are much lower than substitution mutations. These are thought to effect neutral genes, which remain structurally similar over time. Substitution mutations are thought to happen in genes that are dynamic and are quick changing in that this is the main mutation, which promotes the most genetic variation. Conservation biology is the field of biology that is directed specifically at understanding and protecting the biodiversity of the Earth. Understanding the role and relationship of species in their habitats and ecosystems does this. Specifically, Templeton was concerned with the human activity, which was having an affect on genetic variation of the collared lizards in the

The Continued Growth Of Oreo

The Continued Growth Of Oreo Oreo can be satisfying more that just the drive (hunger). Oreo satisfies the nurturing need example, a mother having difficulties in feeding her 4 to 6 years old child with some nutrition food, can consider Oreo to feed her child with a sip of milk. Oreo satisfies the imitation need example, kids watching the Oreo ad on TVs while the other kids are enjoying twisting, that cookies licking and dunking the cookie into a glass of milk.This forces the that cookie right away and imitate the same steps. Oreo also adults like to have fun once in a while individually or even with their kids. Growth in the Saudi Arabian biscuit market is being driven mainly by two factors. Firstly, the marked increase in advertising spend by multinationals such as Nabisco, Master Foods and Danone. Secondly, the popularity of emerging products such as chocolate-coated biscuits and bread substitutes, which have recently been launched in the market. Research has shown that biscuits, particularly sweet biscuits, are generally sold at low prices, averaging between SR0.25 and SR2 (US $0.06-US $0.53), or a single-serve pack and enjoy excellent distribution in all outlets. The biscuits sector is highly developed owing to the strength of the local industry in Saudi Arabia, represented by large manufacturers such as United Food Industries. Oreo sales showed a fluctuating result during the past 13 years. When Oreo initially was launched into the market, sales increased to a high extent for about 3 years but then sales decreased for a long period during 1997 to 2002. Oreo marketing became aware of their loses and immediately went back to action and changed their marketing mix and started to introduce several different new products. This effort resulted with high sales in 2008. Sales were amounted to $4 billion and market share 41%. 2.0 Background Oreo 3.0 Marketing Mix 3.1 Product The basic design of an OREO cookie has not changed since its introduction: two round chocolate cookie wafer joined by sweet vanilla crà ¨me filling. 3.2 Promotion Key factors in the continued growth of OREO are the brands award-winning advertising and best-in-class consumer promotions. The brands approach to engaging consumers stays true to its essence: creating connections through the classic OREO and milk ritual that brings people together in moments of childlike delight. Whether its twisting, licking, dunking, or a combination of all three, OREO offers everyday moments of connection that other snack brands cannot match. Throughout the years, the brand has brought to life the powerful OREO and milk connection in a number of innovative advertising and promotional channels. One unique example is a panoramic elevator in a shopping mall that dramatizes the traditional OREO and milk connection: a picture of an OREO cookie on the elevator dunks into a glass of milk as the elevator descends. Because the OREO and milk moment is central to the brands identity, the advertising tagline was switched from Americas Favorite Cookie to Milks Favorite Cookie. Another unique trait of OREO is the brands unified worldwide marketing strategy. While the communications are translated and adapted for local cultures, the core communication of special moments of childlike delight enabled by the TWIST, LICK, AND DUNK ritual using an OREO and milk is consistent across the globe. With significant investment in promotions and public relations, the OREO brand has forged strong, lasting connections with consumers. Two signature marketing programs over the last 10 years have been the OREO Global Moments contest and the Double Stuf Racing League. In 2008 the brand hosted the OREO Global Moments contest, which asked OREO fans around the world to submit videos depicting a special OREO and Milk Moment. Consumers from eight different countries on four different continents entered videos depicting a wide range of OREO and Milk Moments. From original OREO-themed songs and animated skits to family lessons on OREO dunking techniques, fans showed their passion for the brand with every video submission. The winning video, which depicted a little girl giving her last OREO cookie and a glass of milk to a soldier, was featured on the YouTube homepage for a day. OREO recently energized the popular act of twisting, licking, and dunking by launching the Double Stuff Racing League (DSRL). The DSRL is a different way to enjoy the classic OREO cookie and milk ritual. Its a fun activity that family and friends can enjoy together, racing to see who can finish an OREO DOUBLE STUF cookie and glass of milk the fastest. Racers twist their cookie open, lick off all the crà ¨me, dunk it in milk, eat the cookie, and drink the glass of milk. The first to finish twisting, licking, and dunking wins. Commercials in recent years have featured numerous celebrity athletes as DSRL athletes, which has driven significant media attention to this unique campaign and resulted in very positive consumer response. OREO DOUBLE STUF consumption has grown almost 10 percent since the launch of the DSRL in 2008.4 In keeping with the changing media landscape, OREO has elevated its strategy by connecting millions of passionate fans to each other (and the brand) through social media. Social media networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube are ideal tools for a brand like OREO, whose strategy is rooted in connecting family and friends. The brands foundation of connections in combination with the global reach of OREO lends credibility to the two-way conversations that social media platforms enable on a daily basis. Consumers who like OREO on Facebook also receive brand updates, such as exclusive behind-the-scenes content from OREO advertising shoots and new product news. By embracing the new opportunity to connect with consumers, OREO has emerged as a leader in social media and currently hosts one of the largest consumer packaged goods-branded Facebook pages.5 Whether its through social media or lick racing contests, OREO is reaching consumers through award-winning advertisements, unique promotions, and public relation campaigns that continue to build the OREO brand equity. 3.3 Place 3.4 Price 4.0 Suggestion Marketing Mix Product: Develop new sandwiches which contain less calories, less fat, less cocoa powder and less salt. Customer has been complaining about the packaging for the past years. And in order to overcome this issue, the package should be given a new look to attract more customer. The labeling should be clear and nutritional information should be specific and not hypothetical such as May contain milk protein!!! Price: Maintain their current prices. Maintain a fixed price for all specific products overall the Riyadh market. Place: Oreo should improve their market existence. Example: In Hail-Al-Wazarat, his cold stores Bagalas dont have Oreo products. Promotion: Their promotions havent shown much about their organizations, TV commercials were for a short time and ever since they havent shown any other particular promotions. They should get in contact with Advertising Agencies for better improved commercials. Their websites provide less information about the whole organization (Internal /External). Aim for different promotional medias as Bill boards, Flyers, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 5.0 Conclusion

Birth and Beyond :: essays research papers

Birth & Beyond of Sacramento, is a non-profit health care agency whose main focus is to provide family support services in a form of family resource centers and home visitations where a personal home visitor is recruited from the same neighborhood they serve to provide the caregiver the help he/she needs on how to give a better care for the child. Their mission is to support the caregiver in all areas such as job referral and training, how best to communicate with other parents in the neighborhood, the best way to overcome obstacles that the family might be facing, and how to better use the community resources such as transit system or comprehensive health care services. All these services are provided until the age of five of the youngest child in the family. The family resource centers offers support in budgeting, parenting groups, health, immunization, overall child development, class sessions for anybody who would like to learn Spanish, English, Hmong, or Russian, and Play and G row groups which are parent/child bonding classes through arts and crafts and kid connection. In addition to the family resource centers and the home visitations, families also have the support of the team of consultants and specialists such as Nurses and Family health counselors, joined together to coordinate a full range of services for the families. (www.birth-beyond.com/Content/Learn-Participate/Learn_More.htm). The geographical area served by Birth & Beyond is the Sacramento County which houses nine different Family Resource Centers. Each resource center is responsible for certain zip codes areas of the Sacramento County. Many serve up-to five different zip code areas, however Meadowview Family Resource Center only serves the zip codes 95822, 95831, and 95832. (www.birth-beyond.com/Content/Locations/FRC_map.htm). According to Heather Blanchard, Meadowview Family Resource Center serves one hundred and thirty families, in which fifteen are Spanish speaking families and five are English speakers. Home visitation services are provided to ten families. This center has the capacity to serve two hundred families. Birth & Beyond is open to anyone who would like to improve the care of their children. However, since Meadowview Family Resource Center is located on Florin Road, the population that frequents this facility the most is Spanish speakers. The youngest client at this facility as of now is a fifteen year old female who started attending at this facility at the age of thirteen and the oldest person is forty-one. This facility is visited by 99% females and .

The Ethics of Human Resources

Ethics in business may involved everything including hiring decisions, pricing decisions, strategic decisions, and so on. The need for a process for making ethical decisions in business is great. There are a large number of instances where ethical decisions are necessary in business operations, and corporations find that they can get themselves into trouble even when they are trying to be ethical if they do not have a strong and effective procedural structure to guide employees in making such decisions. The Human Resources department must operate with ethical standards that are clear and that address the kinds of issues this department will face. The HR professional handles more than hiring and firing of employees, also being responsible in some degree for orientation, training, union negotiations, decisions regarding compensation, special programs for addressing workplace problems, and so on. All of these tasks must be infused with an ethical structure that helps HR professionals make good decisions. Hallier and Leopold (1996) note the nature of defining the problem of characterizing the personnel function by pointing out that the terminology is â€Å"ambiguous, contradictory and controversial† (p. 46) and yet as a discipline on which a good deal is placed: At its most ambitious, however, HRM has been seen and promoted as a set of beliefs and practices which are radically different from those of traditional personnel management. Most significantly, the management of the workforce is seen as central, if not the key, to competitive advantage (Hallier & Leopold, 1996, p. 46). To a degree, the distinction made between personnel and HRM is only a matter of terminology, yet more respect is accorded HRM than the personnel function in the literature. Human Resource Managers will have to respond to a number of demographic changes in coming years, each requiring some special consideration, including older workers, minority groups, and single and childless couples. Managers will have some guidance in these areas from legislation passed to cope with the changes and to both protect workers and define the rights of business to make certain decisions. The breadth of issues facing HR professionals is indicated by Lachnit (2002) when she writes, How does your company treat employees when they bring management bad news or unpopular opinions? Are your organization's core values real, or are they just pretty words to be inscribed on corporate trinkets (para. 5). There is no doubt that the relationship between the worker and the average company has been changing for some time, with less job security and more flexibility for the company. This has created particular problems in the public eye, notably a perception that older workers are not being treated fairly (as one analyst notes, â€Å"Age discrimination is the most frequent type of discrimination complaint; it is not only unlawful, it is bad business† [Age discrimination in the workplace, 2005]) or that minorities may not be given sufficient opportunity if affirmative action programs are outlawed in the future. Managers may have to develop more creative ways to achieve diversity and to incorporate demographic changes into their thinking, but they first have to recognize the scope of the problem and the need for creative solutions. Human resource development (HRD) has three important components–training, education, and development. When the three are properly coordinated, HRD has a positive effect on worker productivity and so on the productivity of the company. Training improves the performance of workers and so increases their motivation, and as they work harder and produce more, the company profits. HRD is also dedicated to seeing to it that skills do not become obsolescent. Employees may have their skills upgraded through added training and education, and this benefits them in terms of promotion. Workplace diversity is another issue that will remain important. A recent survey among members of the International Association of Business Communicators found that diversity was one of the most critical challenges faced by these communicators (Geddie, 1999, pp. 27-30). These professionals found that cultural and language diversity can pose significant barriers to effective communication, but there are other factors which can be equally daunting. In addition to cultural and language diversity, the American workplace is increasingly made up of individuals with varying degrees of technical competence as well as educational backgrounds. Mergers can bring together employees from different corporate cultures as well, and overcoming differences in corporate cultures can sometimes be as difficult as overcoming differences in national origin. Translators can address the differences between languages and culture, but cannot help a company when it merges with another organization and needs to synthesize a new corporate culture. In these situations, the best approach is to develop a corporate communication strategy which should be in accordance with the company's overall strategic goals and objectives (Geddie, 1999, p. 38). Diversity training also needs to take into account the various levels of the organization. It is common, for example, for companies to provide diversity training at the low and mid? levels of an organization, but to ignore the executive level. Despite the gains which have been made by minorities and women, the executive level in many companies remains largely white male, and there is sometimes the belief that diversity training and effective interpersonal communication training is not needed at these levels (Flynn, 1999, p. 52). Leadership is required throughout organizations, but it is necessary in the HR department as these changes are implemented in order to assure that the changeover is smooth, that needs are met, that laws and regulations are fulfilled, that workers are satisfied and motivated, and that the needs of both workers and employers are met to the degree possible. The HR professional has a role in this process. The Human Resources professional has to understand human behavior and is also involved in shaping that behavior, and this is why Human Resources can be called a behavioral science. The HR professional has to be capable in several areas of human behavior, including communication and motivation Warnick (1993) discusses the importance of communication for the Human Resources professional, which he says is the single most difficult profession in the business world today. In part, he says this because of the communication requirements placed on the professional. He states that employees expect the professional to take up their cause and resolve issues in their favor; line executives expect him or her to take care of â€Å"people problems† no matter what the cause; and top management expects him or her to keep the company out of legal problems and to maintain high employee morale. The HR professional must advise management on a variety of issues but especially in areas that concern laws or guidelines involving employee rights. The need to keep the company out of legal problems begins with the HR professional's job of advising and counseling employees to ensure that they do not feel the need to appeal to any of the many government agencies that now exist to provide redress. In these two roles, however, there is a potential for disaster because they are conflicting roles. The model for civil law in the U. S. is adversarial, and this is true in labor law as well. Warnick asks how it is possible for the HR professional to advise management and still maintain confidence in management's possible legal position while at the same time advising employees about what's in their best interest? The professional who gives too much weight to either side will lose the confidence of the other. The HR professional is a communication facilitator who is management's spokesperson and the employees' advocate. He or she is expected to play a peacemaker role. Communication between management and employees is the responsibility of human resources. When management decides that a change is needed, Human Resources announces, explains, and justifies the change. Human resources also takes the concerns of employees and employee issues to management for consideration, review, and possible redress. Employees expect human resources to serve as their advocate and to plead their cause to management.

Learning Theories and Styles Essays

Learning Theories and Styles Essays Learning Theories and Styles Essay Learning Theories and Styles Essay Before we choose the appropriate model for a training program, we can take a look in the learning styles and theories, which will help the trainees to be more efficient and capable and the transfer of learning to be more effectve. We will emphasize on three learning theories, adragogy, social learning theory and also experiental learning. A composite of the cognitive, affective, and physiological factors that serve as relatively stable indicators of how a learner perceives, interacts with, and responds to the learning environment. Included in this definition are perceptual modalities, information processing styles, and personality patterns. (www. nwlink. com) Andragogy theory (M. Knowles) is an attempt to develop a theory only for adults learning. This means that adults are self-directed. The most important aspect of this theory is that is expected to take responsibility for all their decisions. In addition, Adragogy in practical terms means that instruction for adults needs to focus more on the process and less on the content that is being taught. The most useful strategies are case studies, role-playing, simulations, and self-evaluation. Instructors usually adopt a role of facilitator or resource rather than lecturer or grader. Andragogy applies to any form of adult learning and has been used extensively in the design of organizational training programs. The assumptions of this theory are that adults need to know the purpose of learning something and also they learn when the topic is of immediate value. It is very important for adults to be involved in the planning and evaluation of their instruction. Another major issue is the experience (including mistakes), which provides the basis for learning activities. In addition adults are most interested in learning subjects that have immediate relevance to their job or personal life and lastly adult learning is problem-centered rather than content-oriented. One of the most important theories is the Social Learning Theory of A. Bandura. This theory is based on the importance of observing the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. Bandura (1977) states: Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action. Through this theory Bandura tried to explain the human behavior. The social learning theory has been applied extensively to the understanding of aggression (Bandura, 1973) and psychological disorders, particularly in the context of behavior modification (Bandura, 1969). It is also the theoretical foundation for the technique of behavior modeling which is widely used in training programs. In recent years, Bandura has focused his work on the concept of self-efficacy in a variety of contexts (e. g. , Bandura, 1997). The most common (and pervasive) examples of social learning situations are television commercials. Commercials suggest that drinking a certain beverage or using a particular hair shampoo will make us popular and win the admiration of attractive people. Depending upon the component processes involved (such as attention or motivation), we may model the behavior shown in the commercial and buy the product being advertised. The three principles of Social Learning Theory are: (1) The highest level of observational learning is achieved by first organizing and rehearsing the modeled behavior symbolically and then enacting it overtly. Coding modeled behavior into words, labels or images results in better retention than simply observing. (2)Individuals are more likely to adopt a modeled behavior if it results in outcomes they value. (3) Individuals are more likely to adopt a modeled behavior if the model is similar to the observer and has admired status and the behavior has functional value. Experiential Learning (C. Rogers) is the last theory that we are going to examine is the Experiential learning theory (C. Rogers). According to C. Rogers there are two types of learning: cognitive (meaningless) and experiential (significant). The first one corresponds to academic knowledge such as learning vocabulary and the second one refers to applied knowledge such as learning about engines in order to repair a car. The key for distinction between of them is that experiential learning is focused on the needs and wants of the learner. Rogers lists these qualities of experiential learning: personal involvement, self-initiated, evaluated by learner, and pervasive effects on learner. According to Rogers in experiential learning theory a trainer has to set a positive climate for learning, clarifying the purposes of the learner(s), organizing and making available learning resources, balancing intellectual and emotional components of learning, and sharing feelings and thoughts with learners but not dominating. In addition, learning is facilitated when: the trainee participates completely in the learning process and has control over its nature and direction, it is primarily based upon direct confrontation with practical, social, personal or research problems, and self-evaluation is the principal method of assessing progress or success. Rogers also emphasizes the importance of learning to learn and an openness to change. An interested example is when someone wants to become rich might seek out books or classes on economics, investment, great financiers, banking, etc. Such an individual would perceive (and learn) any information provided on this subject in a much different fashion than a person who is assigned a reading or class. Learning Styles In order to identify the best learning style a trainer has to consider three main factors, which make up ones learning style. Firstly, the three senses auditory, visual and kinaesthetic, secondly the two reasoning types deductive and inductive and finally the two environments intrapersonal and interpersonal.

Simple Explanation What Is FAFSA

Simple Explanation What Is FAFSA SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you heard your high school counselor or other students reference the FAFSA, and you didn't know what they were talking about? What is FAFSA, and what do you have to know about it?Well, if you're hoping to get financial aid for college, then it's criticalthat you know about the FAFSA. In this article, I will explain what the FAFSA is, why it's important, and the information you need to fill it out. What Is the FAFSA? FAFSA is an acronym that stands for the Free Application for Federal Student Aid. Colleges and universities use this form to determine your eligibility for federal, state, and college-sponsored financial aid, including grants, educational loans, and work-study programs. Therefore, even though the FAFSA is technically the application for federal aid, you have to fill it out to receive state and college-sponsored financial aid as well. If you're hoping for any government or school financial aid for college, you should file a FAFSA. How does the FAFSA determine your eligibility for financial aid? The FAFSA is used by the US Department of Education to calculate your Expected Family Contribution, or EFC, for college. Your EFC is a dollar amount that reflects how much you can afford to pay for college for the following academic year. The lower your EFC, the more aid you're eligible to receive. Your EFC is determined based on income, assets, and other household information you'll be asked to provide on the FAFSA. What Information Is Required on the FAFSA? You can check out the FAFSA worksheet to see all of the information you need to properly fill out the FAFSA. Now, I'll explain the information you need to enter on the form. Citizenship Status/Alien Number You need to be a legal resident of the United States or a US citizen to submit a FAFSA. However, if you're an undocumented immigrant, you have other options to get financial aid for college. Dependency Status For FAFSA purposes, most of you will be considered dependents, meaning that you're under the care of your parents. All dependents have to answer questions about their parents on the FAFSA. Due to varying family situations, this is the FAFSA definition of a "parent" for the purposes of filling out this form: "Parent" refers to a biological or adoptive parent or a person determined by the state to be a parent (for example, if the parent is listed on the birth certificate). Grandparents, foster parents, legal guardians, older siblings, and uncles or aunts are not considered parents on the FAFSA unless they have legally adopted you. If your legal parents are living and married to each other, answer the questions on the FAFSA about both of them. If your legal parents are not married and live together, answer the questions about both of them. In case of divorce or separation, give information about the parent you lived with most in the last 12 months. If you did not live with one parent more than the other, give information about the parent who provided you the most financial support during the last 12 months or during the most recent year you received support. If your divorced or widowed parent has remarried, also provide information about your stepparent. Financial Information Dependents have to report information from their parents, including their parents' previous year's adjusted gross income, government aid, untaxed income, and any other financial benefits. Your parents may be able to use the IRS Retrieval Tool to transfer their tax return information to your online FAFSA. Also, you have to report any financial benefits you received in the previous year, even if you're a dependent. What Happens After You File Your FAFSA? Student Aid Report After you file your FAFSA, if you provide a valid e-mail address, you'll receive your Student Aid Report, or SAR, in 3-5 days. Without a valid e-mail address, you'll receive your SAR via mail in 7-10 days. Your SAR will have a summary of the information you submitted on your FAFSA along with your EFC. Remember that your EFC does not determine the amount of aid you will receive from colleges; it determines the amount of aid you're eligible to receive. The EFC that displays on your SAR is a calculation based on the information you provided on your FAFSA. If there are any errors in your SAR, you can correct the information online. If your application is incomplete, your SAR will not include an EFC, but it will display text that specifies any issues that need to be resolved. In this situation, you'll also be able to complete your FAFSA online. Financial Aid Award Letters The colleges you list on your FAFSA will have access to your information electronically one day after it's processed. Colleges will use the information from your FAFSA to help determine what financial aid they offer you. Shortly after you receive your college acceptances, or even with college acceptance letters, you'll receive financialaid award letters from the colleges that accepted you. However, if you apply early decision or early action, you may have to wait until those who applied for regular decision receive their acceptance notices to get your financial aid award letter. The financial aid award letter outlines your financial aid package, including the amount of aid you'll be offered in grants, government loans, and scholarships. Subtract the amount of financial aid you're offered from the cost of attendance, and you can determine your out-of-pocket expenses for the upcoming academic year. Typically, you'll receive your aid award letters in March or April and have to commit to a college by May 1. Is the FAFSA Required? The FAFSA is only required if you want to be eligible for federal financial aid. Remember that most states and colleges also require the FAFSA to receive state or college-sponsored aid. If you or your parents can afford to pay the full cost of attendance to the colleges you apply to, then you don't have to file a FAFSA. If, based on your EFC, colleges determine that you can afford to pay the full cost of attending, you're unlikely to receive any need-based aid, even if you do file a FAFSA. Also, if you have received a scholarship that makes additional financial aid unnecessary, then you don't have to file a FAFSA. Keep in mind that regardless of whether or not you file a FAFSA, you or your parents can still take out loans to cover your college costs. What's Next? You need to submit a FAFSA to be eligible for valuable financial aid like the Pell Grant and work-study programs. Now that you understand the importance of the FAFSA, learn about how much college really costs. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Approaches to reduce occupational stress Research Paper

Approaches to reduce occupational stress - Research Paper Example We will discuss the stress involved in their work. Moreover, we will analyze the situations in which stress arose among employees in Wal-Mart, the programs they initiated to increase productivity and recommendations will be provided to curb its adverse effects on the individual so that there is a minimum impact on productivity. Wal-Mart Wal-Mart is a multi-national retail corporation, which has numerous chains, departmental stores and warehouses in different parts of the world. This company is owned by Walton Family in the United States of America and is operating in 15 countries. The employees at Wal-Mart in retail sales have been subjected to various issues over a span of time due to which the stress among employees is rising and there is a need to initiate such progressive programs through which the working conditions can become conducive and there is a regulation that promotes and projects a fair treatment among employees. Issues at Wal-Mart Employees who deal with sales at Wal-M art are always required to submit a report at the end of the month regarding the percentage of sales, which have occurred during that time. It was seen that the company faced a weak performance and sales were a total disaster. The factors, which were highlighted, showed that the decrease in sales was due to the fact that the economic condition of the United States is affected. It was seen that there was an increase in the Social Security tax due to which the customers could be facing unemployment issues, rise in price of gas etc. Due to these crises the management in Wal-Mart initiated a plan to increase workload but cut hours of employees who were working as retailers which gave rise to a period of lost sales and lower morale of employees (Boyle). The Composition of Stress at the Workplace In organizations, there are certainly outer fields of risk, uncertainty, and challenges which create the inner field of stress for employees at the workplace. Every organization contains this int ernal influential factor of stress which is described as one state of transaction between individual and environment (Dewe & Cooper, 2012). According to the Lazarus model of stress, employees’ needs and wants make them accept the factor of stress in their working environment. They accept stress because of the formal agreement with their organization or workplace which induces the elements of obligation and responsibility on employees. When employees are to fulfill the obligation and responsibility they inevitably catch the element of stress which is associated to work responsibility and obligation altogether. These are some primary causes of how stress gets involved in employees’ lives (Dewe & Cooper, 2012). The Theory of Work Design by Theorell describes stress as an influencing state that originates from employees’ work designs and more specifically from work demands (Aldwin, 2012, p.73). If demands of work are complex and are of burdening nature, stress is mo re prominent on employees at the work time. Karasek proposes Job Demands-Control model to control the demands of work on employees at the workplace. The author describes two levels of work demands- physiological work demands and psychological demands. If these two levels of work demands are controlled by employees, they can control the affect of stress at the time of work. According to Karasek, moderate stress is optimum for

Has globalisation made the world more or less secure Discuss with Essay

Has globalisation made the world more or less secure Discuss with specific reference to the rise of non-State actors - Essay Example An indicative example is the cold war period, during which the term security was related to state and security as integrated units. In the after-cold war period, which was characterized by the gradual development of globalisation, the term security refers mostly to environmental and health problems; internal conflicts are also issues related to security in the era of globalisation. Current paper focuses on the issue whether globalisation has made the world more or less secure. Reference is also made to the non-state actors, which have been given increased powers regarding the internal issues of states. This phenomenon has been related to globalisation, which has increased its involvement in the activities of states and individuals worldwide. It is proved that the role of globalisation in security worldwide has been negative; however, the specific problem could be effectively resolved with the cooperation of states. In order for any such effort to be successful, it is required that me asures are developed in advance for controlling the expansion of non-state actors, as factors influencing the political and social framework of countries worldwide. 2. Globalisation and security in the international community. The role of non-State actors 2.1 Globalisation and security In the context of globalisation it has been made quite difficult for security worldwide to be appropriately promoted. The reason is that globalisation supports practices and ideas, which are often in opposition with the national culture and rules. In this context, the conflict between the ‘non-state actors and the intra state practices’ (Al-Rodhan 2006, p.162) is increased. The above fact has a negative influence on the efforts of international bodies to promote the world peace and health. Indeed, many of the plans developed by the UN for securing the health and safety of people in countries worldwide are led to a failure. The role of globalisation in the limitation of the security of sta tes is analysed in the study of Till et al. (2009). In accordance with the above researchers, globalisation has led states ‘to cede a number of their security functions to non-state factors’ (Till et al. 2009, p.47). The above target has been achieved through the following method: under the fear of globalisation certain states avoid their participation in critical commercial activities worldwide; however, in this way, their economic power is reduced, a fact that leads, also, to the worsening of their position, as members of the international community. Under these terms, states become weak towards military threats; in case of such threats they would need the support of non-state factors. In this way, the limitation of sovereignty, a fear that initially led the country to its economic exclusion, becomes a clear threat. The power of globalisation to promote instability is not limited to the external environment, referring to the relationship between a state and the other countries of the international community. It can also refer to the state’s internal environment, where the promotion of ‘economic disparities’ (Till et al. 2009, p.47) can lead to severe conflicts. Trying to explain the increased power of globalisation over national issues, including security, Fagan et al. (2009) referred to the weakness of the ‘old-fashioned instrumental politics’

What are the strengths and limitations of viewing learning as Essay

What are the strengths and limitations of viewing learning as apprenticeship What implication does this have for educators - Essay Example How to teach children and adults has long been one of the most problematic issues for scholars. Dozens of theories and models were developed, to explain human cognitive development and apply this knowledge to improve various systems of learning and knowledge delivery in educational settings. The current state of educational science is associated with relative flexibility of the learning approaches and openness to the improvement and implementation of the new theories and ideas. In the meantime, older systems of education and cognitive development are being constantly analyzed and improved. Cognitive apprenticeship models are rightly considered as some of the most complicated, controversial, and simultaneously, most productive models of cognitive development and learning. The model exemplifies an essential element of the social constructivist paradigm in learning, emphasizes teamwork, and treats scaffolding as an essential element of the process of training. The apprenticeship model o f learning is associated with numerous problems and limitations, including the lack of connectivity with the real-life conditions and the problems, implementation difficulties, and even the risks of distress and dissent in learners. Despite its limitations, cognitive apprenticeship model provides unique learning opportunities and can be readily applied in a variety of learning settings.Cognitive apprenticeship is a widely-known form of social learning, which helps novices to become experts in their field of study/ professional development (Dennen 2002). Rooted in the principles of social constructivism, cognitive apprenticeship is a model of social learning, which relies on scaffolding and provides structure and examples to be followed by learners (Dennen 2002). Apprenticeship has long been applied for teaching nurses, constructors and legal professionals (Dennen 2002). Today, cognitive apprenticeship is one of the most popular models of cognitive development and learning in young a nd adult learners. Social constructivism suggests that the cultural and social context play the dominant role in how knowledge is constructed and understood (Dennen 2002). Developed by Collins, Brown, and Newman in 1989, the model has become one of the basic elements of cognitive development and knowledge delivery in various educational and learning settings. According to Collins, Brown and Newman (1989), â€Å"cognitive apprenticeship embeds the learning of skills and knowledge in their social and functional context† (p. 454). From the standpoint of social constructivism, cognitive apprenticeship represents the model of learning and knowledge transmission, which treats guided experience, cognitive, and metacognitive elements as the principal factors of the learning process (Collins, Brown & Newmans 1989). Legitimate peripheral participation and situatedness are at the core of the cognitive apprenticeship model (Lave & Wagner 1991). In simple terms, cognitive apprenticeship i mplies that learning occurs through the learners’ participation in authentic situations/ settings (Lave & Wenger 1991). Such participation and engagement in practical environments foster the development of transferable, relevant knowledge more than other models of knowledge dissemination (Collins, Brown & Newman 1989). However, cognitive apprenticeship is more than merely the process of learning in authentic settings: rather, the success of cognitive apprenticeship models depends on how deeply learners are embedded into these authentic contexts (Wertsch 1998). It is imperative that the influence of various situational/ contextual factors be considered, whenever the quality and efficiency of such authentic settings are evaluated and

Germanys Invasion of Poland Essay Example for Free

Germanys Invasion of Poland Essay Poland is a fairly large country situated in central Europe. Its borders extend to Germany in the west, to Baltic Sea (Russian region of Kaliningrad) in the north, to Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine in the east, and to the republics of Czech Slovakia in the south. The name Poland was taken from a Slavic tribe called Polanie, which had once inhabited in most of the area which falls within what is now Poland. The largest city, also the capital city of Poland is Warsaw. The terrain of Poland consists mostly of rolling mountains and leveled planes. There was a vast empire of Poland that once existed across most of central Europe, but it was mostly due to the foreign invaders and their conquests of Poland one after the other which brought decline to Poland and an end to its existence as a separate and independent nation. Therefore the economy and political structure of Poland was greatly destroyed especially during 1900s. Then the World War 11(1939-1945) shattered what was left in Poland. Poland which is basically an agricultural country soon began to develop into Industrial country when after the wars its poor agrarian population began shifting to towns and urban cities for jobs in industries and factories. There was also significant ethnic homogeneity to be seen throughout Poland especially after World War 11 as a result of Polands boundary treaty with the Soviet Union and the immigration of German-speaking people. But the vast majority of population were entirely Polish-speaking and affiliated to Roman Catholic Church. But during 1946s, by a shear stroke of bad luck, the Poles were thrust into communism and the entire nation became a communist country. The ruling communist party formed its government and imposed restrictions on the freedom of speech and action of its people. The communist regime continued to govern until 1989, when non-communists won elections in the parliament. Eventually the freedom was restored to Poland and her people got rid of the communist yoke in the year 1990. The economy structure of Poland too was transformed to a private enterprise system. And in 1999, Poland became a member of the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), a military defense pact among Western nations. Kwasniewski was again elected as president in 2000, and the Democratic Left Alliance also secured majority of seats in the parliamentary elections of 2001. Soon after that a coalition government of the Peasant Party and the Ruling Party was formed. And it was sometimes later in 2004 that Poland became the member of the EU (European Union). (Janusz, n. p. ) Brief Account of Polands Decline in History Despite advances made by Poland in 1300s, signs of her decline had started in the mid 1500s. Polands economy and parliament were shattered because of costly wars among its nobles and rulers resulting into losing of much of its territory to Ukraine and the Baltic province to Sweden during 1600s. The weakened Poland thus was partitioned in 1772, 1793 and 1795 successively by its neighbors, Austria, Russia and Prussia, the emerging and leading powers of contemporary Europe. Then Poles joined the French forces of Napoleon Bonaparte to fight back their lost territories. The latter fought back Prussian Poland and named it Grand Duchy of Warsaw in 1807. Russia tried to crush Polish culture by imposing Russian language but the people of Poland under Prussian influence not only adopted German language but also formed German Empire in 1871. After World War 1 (1914-1918), by virtue of the treaty of Versailles in 1919, Poland regained much of its annexed territory from Germany, so also went all out to settle its boundaries with Russia. Russia, who was offended, waged a war against Poland (1919 to 1920). The war ended with a treaty of Riga giving back Poland some of its territories annexed by Russia. By 1930s Poland had reestablished its government and developed its economy. But she was soon posed with threats from the emerging military might of Germany and the Soviet Union simultaneously from opposite sides. In early1939, Adolph Hitler demanded that Danzig be handed over to Germany and that she may be allowed a free passage to Pomerania in the east without any restrictions. This was not accepted by the Poles, so the latter made an alliance with the UK France in 1921, by which Poland was to be protected by these two powers in case of threat from a foreign power. But Adolph Hitler attacked Poland on the 1st of September. Thus the World War 11 erupted when the UK and France under pledge to protect Poland, declared war on Germany. (Janusz, n. p. ) The Chronology in Polands Invasion by Germany The chronology depicting salient events in Germanys invasion of Poland include: a) Adolph Hitler annexed the native states of Austria and Sudetenland in 1938, and invaded the Czech part of Czechoslovakia the next year. b) Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 -. The invasion of Poland forced Britain and France, to declare war on Germany because they had pledged to protect Poland. This caused the World War II to begin. c) Great Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939. d) The United States proclaimed her neutrality on 5 September 1939. e) The US President declared limited national emergency on 8, September 1939. f) Later in September 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east and Poland was partitioned between Germany and the Soviet Union g) All Polish forces surrendered to German Army on 6, October 1939. h) Congress passed a bill of law allowing the sale of weapons and military arsenal across the warring nations on 4, November 1939. i) The Soviet Union attacked Finland on 30 November 1939. The former also captured the Baltic States and northern Romania in 1940. (Europes Changing Borders, n. p. ) The Background History A new facet to international politics was added when Adolph Hitler acceded to power in 1939. Initially he was held back because of Germanys isolation and its non-interference policy into the committee of nations. Also he needed time to put Germanys shattered economy back on rails. He took hasty and short-cut steps to complete this phase the same year. The signs of new dimensions in German policy began to be demonstrated through Hitlers drastic and revolutionary acts like the Rome-Berlin Axis, the condemnation of the Locarno treaties; the re-occupation of Rhineland, and the pact of anti-Comintern with Japan. The expediency in Hitlers initial strategy involved the target-achieving through threats instead of physically going to war. This was sufficiently shown in the unopposed annexation of Austria and the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia in 1938, and which prove his new policy to be right. Therefore Hitler expected the same to happen while annexing Poland. He anticipated England and France to give way once again and being over-optimistic, he believed that the notorious Nazi-Soviet pact of August 23, 1939, would deter the Western powers from intervention. But this time Hitler miscalculated as his speculations proved wrong. (Barraclough, p132) The World War-11 Fall of Poland On 23, August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a secret treaty by which Poland was to be partitioned and divided between them. By August 25, 1939, a pact of alliance between Poland and England had also concluded. Thus according to secret plans, Germany attacked Poland on the first of September 1939. The United Kingdom and France then declared war on Germany. The U. S. S. R. invaded Poland on September 17. The Poles fought bravely, but were defeated within a month. Germany and the Soviet Union vide the secret clauses of the plan divided Poland between themselves. But in 1941, Germany attacked the U. S. S. R. and seized all of Poland. Shortly after the fall of Poland, a Polish government in Paris, which was formed in-exile, was shifted to London sometimes later. In several conflicts Polish forces joined Allied armed forces besides an underground Home Army, which was stationed inside Poland was meant to operate against the Germans. When Germans attacked the USSR in 1941, the communist party in Poland also formed in-exile center in the Soviet republic. These underground movements of communist Poles, working directly under the soviet supreme command fought German troops on the eastern side. The Polish Communist Party was officially announced in 1942 with Wladyslaw Gomulka formally becoming the Party leader in 1943. The USSR troops invaded Poland in 1944 and started driving out the Germans. The same year an uprising against Germany was staged by the Home Agency in Warsaw. But it was only two months later that the Home Agency was silenced and forced to surrender, and a Polish Committee of National Liberation was formed in Lublin. The Soviet Union did not show resentment in the formation of this the committee because all the members constituting the committee were entirely Communists like the provisional government of Poland. The Allies too acknowledged the Committee at Yalta conference in 1945 after it had agreed to include representatives of the non-communist groups as well as the representatives of the government of the London government-in-exile. The Extermination of Polish Jews There were heavy casualties on the Poland side besides a widespread devastation and destruction. At the time when both the German troops and the USSR forces had occupied Poland, Warsaw was completely in ruins with millions of polish Jews extirpated within the extermination camps. Nearly half of six millions Poles who had perished between 1939 and 1945 were Jews. The Nazis of Germany finished off a large population of the Polish Jews by starvation and massacres in the notorious concentration camps like the one at Auschwitz. About six million Poles were killed, and nearly 3 million were migrated to Germany for forced labor. Polish Jews suffered the worst fate in the history of mankind with a population of some 3,113,900 Jews were exterminated. Notwithstanding German repression, the Poles did not either halt or stop fighting for their independence. A movement called underground resistance was organized, and a government in-exile was established in France and London respectively. While those Poles who had been taken as prisoners of war by the Soviet Union were granted permission to form a group of soldiers i. e. a corpse under Wladislaw Anders which was supposed to fight against the Allies. However other Polish units were organized in France and the United Kingdom separately. The Germans officially announced the disclosure of a mass grave of at least 11,000 Polish soldiers mostly officers that were killed by the Soviets in 1943. The discovery of the mass grave in the forests of Katyn triggered the breakout of fresh hostilities and fights between the Soviet Union and the Polish government in-exile. It was sometimes later in 1990 that the USSR government admitted the massacre of Polish troops. The escalations were mounted and the crack was further broadened when the Soviet demanded the Curzon-Line to be the new border between the USSR and Poland. A new Polish government (provisional) had already been set up in July, 1944 at Lublin at the time when Soviet troops had made their entry into Poland. Also in October 1944, a Polish uprising at Warsaw, which was organized by the resistance movement, hitherto controlled by the London-based Polish government in-exile, was pinned down by the German troops while the USSR forces continued to be dormant in the outskirts of Warsaw. It was in early 1945 that remnant German troops were ousted from Poland. Finally a treaty was signed at the Yalta Conference in February 1945 between the allies and the Soviet Union. The new Lublin government under Mikolajczyk attained recognition from the United States and the Great Britain. By the virtue of the clauses of this pact at Yalta, the agreements that were reached upon included: 1. A new Soviet-Polish border was fixed a little east of the Curzon Line. 2. Poland was allotted to pay 15 percent of the German reparation charges to the USSR. 3. Upholding the agreements already made at the Potsdam Conference in July-Aug. , 1945, the parts of Prussia lying to the east of Neisse and Oder rivers and including Gdansk, and the southern parts of Eastern Prussia which covers a total area of 101,010 square kilometers (39,000 square miles), pending a general peace treaty, were placed under the control of Polish government 4. The deportation or eviction of German troops including the civilians from these parts of Poland mentioned in 3 above was granted sanction.